www.curehiv.us
Cure HIV - Prevention And Treatment Of HIV / AIDS

Cure HIV, Inc. Who We Are Events & Newsletters Contact Us
 

  Cure HIV, Inc. 2010

Clinical Overview of HIV Disease

References:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia--Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981; 30:250-2. [PubMed ID: 6265753]

2. Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis pneumonia among homosexual men--New York City and California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1981; 30:305-8. [PubMed ID: 6789108]

3. A cluster of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among homosexual male residents of Los Angeles and Orange Counties, California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982; 31:305-7. [PubMed ID: 6811844]

4. Opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma among Haitians in the United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982; 31:353-4, 360-1. [PubMed ID: 6811853]

5. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among persons with hemophilia A. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982; 31:365-7. [PubMed ID: 6815443]

6. Possible transfusion-associated acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982; 31:652-4. [PubMed ID: 6819440]

7. Unexplained immunodeficiency and opportunistic infections in infants--New York, New Jersey, California. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1982; 31:665-7. [PubMed ID: 6819445]

8. Masur H, Michelis MA, Wormser GP, Lewin S, Gold J, Tapper ML, Giron J, Lerner CW, Armstrong D, Setia U, Sender JA, Siebken RS, Nicholas P, Arlen Z, Maayan S, Ernst JA, Siegal FP, Cunningham-Rundles S. Opportunistic infection in previously healthy women. Initial manifestations of a community-acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97:533-9. [PubMed ID: 6982014]

9. Immunodeficiency among female sexual partners of males with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) - New York. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1983; 31:697-8. [PubMed ID: 6402650]

10. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in prison inmates--New York, New Jersey. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1983; 31:700-1. [PubMed ID: 6402652]

11. Clumeck N, Mascart-Lemone F, de Maubeuge J, Brenez D, Marcelis L. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Black Africans. Lancet 1983; 1:642. [PubMed ID: 6131313]

12. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann JC, Rey F, Nugeyre MT, Chamaret S, Gruest J, Dauguet C, Axler-Blin C, Vezinet-Brun F, Rouzioux C, Rozenbaum W, Montagnier L. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983; 220:868-71. [PubMed ID: 6189183]

13. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, Shearer GM, Kaplan M, Haynes BF, Palker TJ, Redfield R, Oleske J, Safai B, et al. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984; 224:500-3. [PubMed ID: 6200936]

14. Levy JA, Hoffman AD, Kramer SM, Landis JA, Shimabukuro JM, Oshiro LS. Isolation of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 1984; 225:840-2. [PubMed ID: 6206563]

15. Coffin J, Haase A, Levy JA, Montagnier L, Oroszlan S, Teich N, Temin H, Toyoshima K, Varmus H, Vogt P, et al. Human immunodeficiency viruses. Science 1986; 232:697. [PubMed ID: 3008335]

16. Antibodies to a retrovirus etiologically associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in populations with increased incidences of the syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1984; 33:377-9. [PubMed ID: 6330518]

17. Byers VS, Levin AS, Malvino A, Waites L, Robins RA, Baldwin RW. A phase II study of effect of addition of trichosanthin to zidovudine in patients with HIV disease and failing antiretroviral agents. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:413-20. [PubMed ID: 7915124]

18. Pert CB, Hill JM, Ruff MR, Berman RM, Robey WG, Arthur LO, Ruscetti FW, Farrar WL. Octapeptides deduced from the neuropeptide receptor-like pattern of antigen T4 in brain potently inhibit human immunodeficiency virus receptor binding and T-cell infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986; 83:9254-8. [PubMed ID: 3097649]

19. Mildvan D, Buzas J, Armstrong D, Antoniskis D, Sacks HS, Rhame FS, Mosbach EW, Pettinelli C. An open-label, dose-ranging trial of AL 721 in patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and AIDS-related complex. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4:945-51. [PubMed ID: 1890604]

20. Schooley RT, Merigan TC, Gaut P, Hirsch MS, Holodniy M, Flynn T, Liu S, Byington RE, Henochowicz S, Gubish E, et al. Recombinant soluble CD4 therapy in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. A phase I-II escalating dosage trial. Ann Intern Med 1990; 112:247-53. [PubMed ID: 2297203]

21. Abrams DI, Kuno S, Wong R, Jeffords K, Nash M, Molaghan JB, Gorter R, Ueno R. Oral dextran sulfate (UA001) in the treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Ann Intern Med 1989; 110:183-8. [PubMed ID: 2463780]

22. Pedersen C, Sandstrom E, Petersen CS, Norkrans G, Gerstoft J, Karlsson A, Christensen KC, Hakansson C, Pehrson PO, Nielsen JO, et al. The efficacy of inosine pranobex in preventing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Scandinavian Isoprinosine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1757-63. [PubMed ID: 1693173]

23. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, Gottlieb MS, Volberding PA, Laskin OL, Leedom JM, Groopman JE, Mildvan D, Schooley RT, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:185-91. [PubMed ID: 3299089]

24. 1999 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30 Suppl 1:S29-65. [PubMed ID: 10770913]

25. Shafer RW, Seitzman PA, Tapper ML. Successful prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in AIDS patients with previous allergic reactions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2:389-93. [PubMed ID: 2526871]

26. Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, Grimes JM, Demeter LM, Currier JS, Eron JJ, Jr., Feinberg JE, Balfour HH, Jr., Deyton LR, Chodakewitz JA, Fischl MA. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:725-33. [PubMed ID: 9287227]

27. Palella FJ, Jr., Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:853-60. [PubMed ID: 9516219]

28. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995; 373:123-6. [PubMed ID: 7816094]

29. Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Jr., Gupta P, White RM, Todd JA, Kingsley LA. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996; 272:1167-70. [PubMed ID: 8638160]

30. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Tassoni CJ, Gupta P, Kingsley LA, Todd JA, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Jr. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:946-54. [PubMed ID: 9182471]

31. Hughes MD, Johnson VA, Hirsch MS, Bremer JW, Elbeik T, Erice A, Kuritzkes DR, Scott WA, Spector SA, Basgoz N, Fischl MA, D'Aquila RT. Monitoring plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in addition to CD4+ lymphocyte count improves assessment of antiretroviral therapeutic response. ACTG 241 Protocol Virology Substudy Team. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:929-38. [PubMed ID: 9182469]

32. O'Brien WA, Hartigan PM, Martin D, Esinhart J, Hill A, Benoit S, Rubin M, Simberkoff MS, Hamilton JD. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on AIDS. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:426-31. [PubMed ID: 8552144]

33. O'Brien WA, Hartigan PM, Daar ES, Simberkoff MS, Hamilton JD. Changes in plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4+ lymphocyte counts predict both response to antiretroviral therapy and therapeutic failure. VA Cooperative Study Group on AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:939-45. [PubMed ID: 9182470]

34. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services and Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998; 47:43-82. [PubMed ID: 9572121]

35. Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE, Pau AK. Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:381-433. [PubMed ID: 12617573]

36. Muesing MA, Smith DH, Cabradilla CD, Benton CV, Lasky LA, Capon DJ. Nucleic acid structure and expression of the human AIDS/lymphadenopathy retrovirus. Nature 1985; 313:450-8. [PubMed ID: 2982104]

37. Gallo R, Wong-Staal F, Montagnier L, Haseltine WA, Yoshida M. HIV/HTLV gene nomenclature. Nature 1988; 333:504. [PubMed ID: 2836736]

38. Hu DJ, Dondero TJ, Rayfield MA, George JR, Schochetman G, Jaffe HW, Luo CC, Kalish ML, Weniger BG, Pau CP, Schable CA, Curran JW. The emerging genetic diversity of HIV. The importance of global surveillance for diagnostics, research, and prevention. Jama 1996; 275:210-6. [PubMed ID: 8604174]

39. Spira J, Wainberg MA, Loemba H. Impact of clade diversity on HIV-1 virulence, antiretroviral drug sensitivity and drug resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Feb;51(2):229-40. [PubMed ID: 12562686]

40. Caride E, Hertogs K, Larder B. Genotyping and phenotyping analysis of B and non-B HIV-1 subtypes from Brazilian patients under HAART (abstract 164). Antiviral Therapy. 2000:5, Suppl. 3:128.

41. Pillay D, Sinka K, Rice P. Impact of HIV-1 subtype on NNRTI resistance mutations (abstract 163). Antiviral Therapy. 2000: 5, Suppl 3:128.

42. Goudsmit J, Back NK, Nara PL. Genomic diversity and antigenic variation of HIV-1: links between pathogenesis, epidemiology and vaccine development. Faseb J 1991; 5:2427-36. [PubMed ID: 2065891]

43. Carmichael A, Jin X, Sissons P. Analysis of the human env-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in natural human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: low prevalence of broadly cross-reactive env-specific CTL. J Virol 1996; 70:8468-76. [PubMed ID: 8970969]

44. Kwong PD, Wyatt R, Robinson J, Sweet RW, Sodroski J, Hendrickson WA. Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody. Nature 1998; 393:648-59. [PubMed ID: 9641677]

45. Scarlatti G, Tresoldi E, Bjorndal A, Fredriksson R, Colognesi C, Deng HK, Malnati MS, Plebani A, Siccardi AG, Littman DR, Fenyo EM, Lusso P. In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. Nat Med 1997; 3:1259-65. [PubMed ID: 9359702]

46. Chan DC, Kim PS. HIV entry and its inhibition. Cell 1998; 93:681-4. [PubMed ID: 9630213]

47. Miller MD, Farnet CM, Bushman FD. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration complexes: studies of organization and composition. J Virol 1997; 71:5382-90. [PubMed ID: 9188609]

48. Adams M, Sharmeen L, Kimpton J, Romeo JM, Garcia JV, Peterlin BM, Groudine M, Emerman M. Cellular latency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with high CD4 levels can be detected by the presence of promoter-proximal transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:3862-6. [PubMed ID: 8171003]

49. Wei P, Garber ME, Fang SM, Fischer WH, Jones KA. A novel CDK9-associated C-type cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loop-specific binding to TAR RNA. Cell 1998; 92:451-62. [PubMed ID: 9491887]

50. Cullen BR. Retroviruses as model systems for the study of nuclear RNA export pathways. Virology 1998; 249:203-10. [PubMed ID: 9791012]

51. Zimmerman C, Klein KC, Kiser PK, Singh AR, Firestein BL, Riba SC, Lingappa JR. Identification of a host protein essential for assembly of immature HIV-1 capsids. Nature 2002; 415:88-92. [PubMed ID: 11780123]

52. Garnier L, Parent LJ, Rovinski B, Cao SX, Wills JW. Identification of retroviral late domains as determinants of particle size. J Virol 1999; 73:2309-20. [PubMed ID: 9971814]

53. Le Gall S, Erdtmann L, Benichou S, Berlioz-Torrent C, Liu L, Benarous R, Heard JM, Schwartz O. Nef interacts with the mu subunit of clathrin adaptor complexes and reveals a cryptic sorting signal in MHC I molecules. Immunity 1998; 8:483-95. [PubMed ID: 9586638]

54. Collins KL, Chen BK, Kalams SA, Walker BD, Baltimore D. HIV-1 Nef protein protects infected primary cells against killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Nature 1998; 391:397-401. [PubMed ID: 9450757]

55. Xu XN, Laffert B, Screaton GR, Kraft M, Wolf D, Kolanus W, Mongkolsapay J, McMichael AJ, Baur AS. Induction of Fas ligand expression by HIV involves the interaction of Nef with the T cell receptor zeta chain. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1489-96. [PubMed ID: 10224289]

56. Greenway AL, McPhee DA, Allen K, Johnstone R, Holloway G, Mills J, Azad A, Sankovich S, Lambert P. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef binds to tumor suppressor p53 and protects cells against p53-mediated apoptosis. J Virol 2002; 76:2692-702. [PubMed ID: 11861836]

57. Haynes BF, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS. Toward an understanding of the correlates of protective immunity to HIV infection. Science 1996; 271:324-8. [PubMed ID: 8553066]

58. Walker CM, Moody DJ, Stites DP, Levy JA. CD8+ lymphocytes can control HIV infection in vitro by suppressing virus replication. Science 1986; 234:1563-6. [PubMed ID: 2431484]

59. Pontesilli O, Klein MR, KeGlobalof-Garde SR, Pakker NG, de Wolf F, Schuitemaker H, Miedema F. Longitudinal analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses: a predominant gag-specific response is associated with nonprogressive infection. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1008-18. [PubMed ID: 9806028]

60. Malnati MS, Tambussi G, Fischetti L, Algeri M, Veglia F, Capiluppi B, Lazzarin A, Lusso P. Analysis of serum and plasma beta chemokines in primary HIV infection (PHI). J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2000; 14:75-8. [PubMed ID: 10763899]

61. Rosenberg ES, Walker BD. HIV type 1-specific helper T cells: a critical host defense. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14 Suppl 2:S143-7. [PubMed ID: 9672231]

62. Perelson AS, Essunger P, Cao Y, Vesanen M, Hurley A, Saksela K, Markowitz M, Ho DD. Decay characteristics of HIV-1-infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature 1997; 387:188-91. [PubMed ID: 9144290]

63. Wong JK, Hezareh M, Gunthard HF, Havlir DV, Ignacio CC, Spina CA, Richman DD. Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science 1997; 278:1291-5. [PubMed ID: 9360926]

64. McMichael AJ, Rowland-Jones SL. Cellular immune responses to HIV. Nature 2001; 410:980-7. [PubMed ID: 11309628]

65. Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, Johnson VA, Emini EA, Deutsch P, Lifson JD, Bonhoeffer S, Nowak MA, Hahn BH, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 1995; 373:117-22. [PubMed ID: 7529365]

66. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995; 373:123-6. [PubMed ID: 7816094]

67. Hellerstein M, Hanley MB, Cesar D, Siler S, Papageorgopoulos C, Wieder E, Schmidt D, Hoh R, Neese R, Macallan D, Deeks S, McCune JM. Directly measured kinetics of circulating T lymphocytes in normal and HIV-1-infected humans. Nat Med 1999; 5:83-9. [PubMed ID: 9883844]

68. Rowland-Jones S. HIV infection: where have all the T cells gone? Lancet 1999; 354:5-7. [PubMed ID: 10406356]

69. Mohri H, Perelson AS, Tung K, Ribeiro RM, Ramratnam B, Markowitz M, Kost R, Hurley A, Weinberger L, Cesar D, Hellerstein MK, Ho DD. Increased turnover of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection and its reduction by antiretroviral therapy. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1277-87. [PubMed ID: 11696593]

70. Peterlin BM, Trono D. Hide, shield and strike back: how HIV-infected cells avoid immune eradication. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:97-107. [PubMed ID: 12563294]

71. Sattentau QJ. Neutralization of HIV-1 by antibody. Curr Opin Immunol 1996; 8:540-5. [PubMed ID: 8794008]

72. UNAIDS AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2003. http://data.unaids.org/publications/IRC-pub06/JC943-EpiUpdate2003_en.pdf

73. CDC data. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hispanic.htm.

74. UNAIDS Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/pdf/UNAIDS/barcelona_table.pdf

75. CDC data. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/msm.htm.

76. Hamers FF, Downs AM. HIV in central and eastern Europe. Lancet 2003; 361:1035-44. [PubMed ID: 12660072]

77. Kaufman J, Jing J. China and AIDS--the time to act is now. Science 2002; 296:2339-40. [PubMed ID: 12089428]

78. WHO data from the end of 2002. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/epidemiology/pubepidemic2002/en.

79. Holmberg SD. The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:642-54. [PubMed ID: 8629714]

80. Gayle H. An overview of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, with a focus on the United States. Aids 2000; 14 Suppl 2:S8-17. [PubMed ID: 11061637]

81. Ho DD, Byington RE, Schooley RT, Flynn T, Rota TR, Hirsch MS. Infrequency of isolation of HTLV-III virus from saliva in AIDS. N Engl J Med 1985; 313:1606. [PubMed ID: 2999597]

82. Wofsy CB, Cohen JB, Hauer LB, Padian NS, Michaelis BA, Evans LA, Levy JA. Isolation of AIDS-associated retrovirus from genital secretions of women with antibodies to the virus. Lancet 1986; 1:527-9. [PubMed ID: 2869262]

83. Hollander H, Levy JA. Neurologic abnormalities and recovery of human immunodeficiency virus from cerebrospinal fluid. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106:692-5. [PubMed ID: 3646001]

84. Geier SA, Gurtler L, Klauss V, Mueller A, Bader L, Eberle J, Bogner JJ, Kronawitter U, Goebel FD, Lund OE. [Differences in detectability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in tears and blood lymphocytes]. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1992; 201:164-8. [PubMed ID: 1383601]

85. Ilaria G, Jacobs JL, Polsky B, Koll B, Baron P, MacLow C, Armstrong D, Schlegel PN. Detection of HIV-1 DNA sequences in pre-ejaculatory fluid. Lancet 1992; 340:1469. [PubMed ID: 1360583]

86. Alexander NJ. Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: virus entry into the male and female genital tract. World Health Organization, Global Programme on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Fertil Steril 1990; 54:1-18. [PubMed ID: 2192917]

87. Rothenberg RB, Scarlett M, del Rio C, Reznik D, O'Daniels C. Oral transmission of HIV. Aids 1998; 12:2095-105. [PubMed ID: 9833850]

88. Monzon OT, Capellan JM. Female-to-female transmission of HIV. Lancet 1987; 2:40-1. [PubMed ID: 2885523]

89. Weller SC. A meta-analysis of condom effectiveness in reducing sexually transmitted HIV. Soc Sci Med 1993; 36:1635-44. [PubMed ID: 8327927]

90. Cameron DW, Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Maitha GM, Gakinya MN, Cheang M, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Brunham RC, et al. Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. Lancet 1989; 2:403-7. [PubMed ID: 2569597]

91. Greenblatt RM, Lukehart SA, Plummer FA, Quinn TC, Critchlow CW, Ashley RL, D'Costa LJ, Ndinya-Achola JO, Corey L, Ronald AR, et al. Genital ulceration as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Aids 1988; 2:47-50. [PubMed ID: 3128996]

92. Plummer FA, Simonsen JN, Cameron DW, Ndinya-Achola JO, Kreiss JK, Gakinya MN, Waiyaki P, Cheang M, Piot P, Ronald AR, et al. Cofactors in male-female sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1991; 163:233-9. [PubMed ID: 1988508]

93. Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Li C, Wabwire-Mangen F, Meehan MO, Lutalo T, Gray RH. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Rakai Project Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:921-9. [PubMed ID: 10738050]

94. Kahn JO, Martin JN, Roland ME, Bamberger JD, Chesney M, Chambers D, Franses K, Coates TJ, Katz MH. Feasibility of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) against human immunodeficiency virus infection after sexual or injection drug use exposure: the San Francisco PEP Study. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:707-14. [PubMed ID: 11181146]

95. Leentvaar-Kuijpers A, Dekker MM, Coutinho RA, Dekker EE, Keeman JN, Ansink-Schipper MC. Needlestick injuries, surgeons, and HIV risks. Lancet 1990; 335:546-7. [PubMed ID: 1968560]

96. Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, Srivastava PU, Marcus R, Abiteboul D, Heptonstall J, Ippolito G, Lot F, McKibben PS, Bell DM. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1485-90. [PubMed ID: 9366579]

97. From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health-care workers after percutaneous exposure to HIV-infected blood--France, United Kingdom, and United States, January 1988-August 1994. Jama 1996; 275:274-5. [PubMed ID: 8544256]

98. Schreiber GB, Busch MP, Kleinman SH, Korelitz JJ. The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections. The Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1685-90. [PubMed ID: 8637512]

99. Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O'Sullivan MJ, VanDyke R, Bey M, Shearer W, Jacobson RL, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 331:1173-80. [PubMed ID: 7935654]

100. Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, Bhadrakom C, Siriwasin W, Young NL, Chotpitayasunondh T, Chearskul S, Roongpisuthipong A, Chinayon P, Karon J, Mastro TD, Simonds RJ. Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet 1999; 353:773-80. [PubMed ID: 10459957]

101. Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, Sherman J, Bakaki P, Ducar C, Deseyve M, Emel L, Mirochnick M, Fowler MG, Mofenson L, Miotti P, Dransfield K, Bray D, Mmiro F, Jackson JB. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 354:795-802. [PubMed ID: 10485720]

102. Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Kim S, Koetsawang S, Comeau AM, Phoolcharoen W, Essex M, McIntosh K, Vithayasai V. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:982-91. [PubMed ID: 11018164]

103. Chalermchokcharoenkit A, Asavapiriyanont S, Teeraratkul A. Combination Short-course Zidovudine plus 2-Dose Nevirapine for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission: Safety, Tolerance, Transmission, and Resistance Results. In: Program and abstracts of the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 8-11, 2004; San Francisco. Abstract 96.

104. Richardson BA, John-Stewart GC, Hughes JP, Nduati R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Overbaugh J, Kreiss JK. Breast-milk infectivity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:736-40. [PubMed ID: 12599046]

105. Centers for Disease Control. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 1992; 41:1-19. [PubMed ID: 1361652]

106. Proposed 'World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease': preliminary testing by an international collaborative cross-sectional study. The WHO International Collaborating Group for the Study of the WHO Staging System. Aids 1993; 7:711-8. [PubMed ID: 8100422]

107. Schacker T, Collier AC, Hughes J, Shea T, Corey L. Clinical and epidemiologic features of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125:257-64. [PubMed ID: 8678387]

108. Cooper DA, Gold J, Maclean P, Donovan B, Finlayson R, Barnes TG, Michelmore HM, Brooke P, Penny R. Acute AIDS retrovirus infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion. Lancet 1985; 1:537-40. [PubMed ID: 2857899]

109. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:33-9. [PubMed ID: 9647878]

110. Vanhems P, Dassa C, Lambert J, Cooper DA, Perrin L, Vizzard J, Hirschel B, Kinloch-de Loes S, Carr A, Allard R. Comprehensive classification of symptoms and signs reported among 218 patients with acute HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 21:99-106. [PubMed ID: 10360800]

111. Lavreys L, Thompson ML, Martin HL, Jr., Mandaliya K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bwayo JJ, Kreiss J. Primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: clinical manifestations among women in Mombasa, Kenya. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30:486-90. [PubMed ID: 10722432]

112. Bollinger RC, Brookmeyer RS, Mehendale SM, Paranjape RS, Shepherd ME, Gadkari DA, Quinn TC. Risk factors and clinical presentation of acute primary HIV infection in India. Jama 1997; 278:2085-9. [PubMed ID: 9403423]

113. Pedersen C, Lindhardt BO, Jensen BL, Lauritzen E, Gerstoft J, Dickmeiss E, Gaub J, Scheibel E, Karlsmark T. Clinical course of primary HIV infection: consequences for subsequent course of infection. Bmj 1989; 299:154-7. [PubMed ID: 2569901]

114. Busch MP, Lee LL, Satten GA, Henrard DR, Farzadegan H, Nelson KE, Read S, Dodd RY, Petersen LR. Time course of detection of viral and serologic markers preceding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion: implications for screening of blood and tissue donors. Transfusion 1995; 35:91-7. [PubMed ID: 7825218]

115. Piatak M, Jr., Saag MS, Yang LC, Clark SJ, Kappes JC, Luk KC, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Lifson JD. High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 1993; 259:1749-54. [PubMed ID: 8096089]

116. Daar ES, Moudgil T, Meyer RD, Ho DD. Transient high levels of viremia in patients with primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:961-4. [PubMed ID: 1823118]

117. Hecht FM, Busch MP, Rawal B, Webb M, Rosenberg E, Swanson M, Chesney M, Anderson J, Levy J, Kahn JO. Use of laboratory tests and clinical symptoms for identification of primary HIV infection. Aids 2002; 16:1119-29. [PubMed ID: 12004270]

118. Roos MT, de Leeuw NA, Claessen FA, Huisman HG, Kootstra NA, Meyaard L, Schellekens PT, Schuitemaker H, Miedema F. Viro-immunological studies in acute HIV-1 infection. Aids 1994; 8:1533-8. [PubMed ID: 7848590]

119. Koup RA, Safrit JT, Cao Y, Andrews CA, McLeod G, Borkowsky W, Farthing C, Ho DD. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J Virol 1994; 68:4650-5. [PubMed ID: 8207839]

120. Borrow P, Lewicki H, Hahn BH, Shaw GM, Oldstone MB. Virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity associated with control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 1994; 68:6103-10. [PubMed ID: 8057491]

121. Musey L, Hughes J, Schacker T, Shea T, Corey L, McElrath MJ. Cytotoxic-T-cell responses, viral load, and disease progression in early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1267-74. [PubMed ID: 9345075]

122. Pantaleo G, Demarest JF, Schacker T, Vaccarezza M, Cohen OJ, Daucher M, Graziosi C, Schnittman SS, Quinn TC, Shaw GM, Perrin L, Tambussi G, Lazzarin A, Sekaly RP, Soudeyns H, Corey L, Fauci AS. The qualitative nature of the primary immune response to HIV infection is a prognosticator of disease progression independent of the initial level of plasma viremia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:254-8. [PubMed ID: 8990195]

123. Vento S, Di Perri G, Garofano T, Concia E, Bassetti D. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during primary HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1993; 342:24-5. [PubMed ID: 8100292]

124. Gupta KK. Acute immunosuppression with HIV seroconversion. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:288-9. [PubMed ID: 8380301]

125. Pedersen C, Dickmeiss E, Gaub J, Ryder LP, Platz P, Lindhardt BO, Lundgren JD. T-cell subset alterations and lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens and antigen during severe primary infection with HIV: a case series of seven consecutive HIV seroconverters. Aids 1990; 4:523-6. [PubMed ID: 1974765]

126. Rosenberg ES, Billingsley JM, Caliendo AM, Boswell SL, Sax PE, Kalams SA, Walker BD. Vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses associated with control of viremia. Science 1997; 278:1447-50. [PubMed ID: 9367954]

127. Mellors JW, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR, Jr., Todd JA, Hoo BS, Kokka RP, Gupta P. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:573-9. [PubMed ID: 7887550]

128. Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Jr., Gupta P, White RM, Todd JA, Kingsley LA. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996; 272:1167-70. [PubMed ID: 8638160]

129. Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Poon SH, Phillips MN, Wilkes BM, Eldridge RL, Robbins GK, D'Aquila RT, Goulder PJ, Walker BD. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 2000; 407:523-6. [PubMed ID: 11029005]

130. Oxenius A, Price DA, Easterbrook PJ, O'Callaghan CA, Kelleher AD, Whelan JA, Sontag G, Sewell AK, Phillips RE. Early highly active antiretroviral therapy for acute HIV-1 infection preserves immune function of CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3382-7. [PubMed ID: 10737796]

131. Stranford SA, Ong JC, Martinez-Marino B, Busch M, Hecht FM, Kahn J, Levy JA. Reduction in CD8+ cell noncytotoxic anti-HIV activity in individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy during primary infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:597-602. [PubMed ID: 11136234]

132. Tremblay CL, Hicks JL, Sutton L, Giguel F, Flynn T, Johnston M, Sax PE, Walker BD, Hirsch MS, Rosenberg ES, D'Aquila RT. Antiretroviral resistance associated with supervised treatment interruptions in treated acute HIV infection. Aids 2003; 17:1086-9. [PubMed ID: 12700462]

133. Bacchetti P, Moss AR. Incubation period of AIDS in San Francisco. Nature 1989; 338:251-3. [PubMed ID: 2922052]

134. Moss AR, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Krampf W, Chaisson RE, Stites D, Wilber J, Allain JP, Carlson J. Seropositivity for HIV and the development of AIDS or AIDS related condition: three year follow up of the San Francisco General Hospital cohort. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988; 296:745-50. [PubMed ID: 3126959]

135. Lefrere JJ, Morand-Joubert L, Mariotti M, Bludau H, Burghoffer B, Petit JC, Roudot-Thoraval F. Even individuals considered as long-term nonprogressors show biological signs of progression after 10 years of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood 1997; 90:1133-40. [PubMed ID: 9242545]

136. Balotta C, Bagnarelli P, Riva C, Valenza A, Antinori S, Colombo MC, Sampaolesi R, Violin M, de Pasquale MP, Moroni M, Clementi M, Galli M. Comparable biological and molecular determinants in HIV type 1-infected long-term nonprogressors and recently infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:337-41. [PubMed ID: 9071433]

137. Koblin BA, van Benthem BH, Buchbinder SP, Ren L, Vittinghoff E, Stevens CE, Coutinho RA, van Griensven GJ. Long-term survival after infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among homosexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trial cohorts in Amsterdam, New York City, and San Francisco, 1978-1995. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150:1026-30. [PubMed ID: 10568617]

138. Phillips AN. CD4 lymphocyte depletion prior to the development of AIDS. Aids 1992; 6:735-6. [PubMed ID: 1354451]

139. van den Berg H, Gerritsen EJ, van Tol MJ, Dooren LJ, Vossen JM. Ten years after acquiring an HIV-1 infection: a study in a cohort of eleven neonates infected by aliquots from a single plasma donation. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83:173-8. [PubMed ID: 8193497]

140. Buchbinder S VE, Kaslow R. HIV disease progression and associated genetic markers. In: Program and Abstracts of the 5th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 1-5, 1998, Chicago.

141. O'Brien TR, Blattner WA, Waters D, Eyster E, Hilgartner MW, Cohen AR, Luban N, Hatzakis A, Aledort LM, Rosenberg PS, Miley WJ, Kroner BL, Goedert JJ. Serum HIV-1 RNA levels and time to development of AIDS in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. Jama 1996; 276:105-10. [PubMed ID: 8656501]

142. Mellors JW, Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR, Jr., Todd JA, Hoo BS, Kokka RP, Gupta P. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122:573-9. [PubMed ID: 7887550]

143. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Tassoni CJ, Gupta P, Kingsley LA, Todd JA, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Jr. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:946-54. [PubMed ID: 9182471]

144. Iuliano R, Forastieri G, Brizzi M, Mecocci L, Mazzotta F, Ceccherini-Nelli L. Correlation between plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and the rate of immunologic decline. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14:408-14. [PubMed ID: 9170414]

145. Osmond D, Charlebois E, Lang W, Shiboski S, Moss A. Changes in AIDS survival time in two San Francisco cohorts of homosexual men, 1983 to 1993. Jama 1994; 271:1083-7. [PubMed ID: 7908703]

146. Longini IM, Jr., Clark WS, Gardner LI, Brundage JF. The dynamics of CD4+ T-lymphocyte decline in HIV-infected individuals: a Markov modeling approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4:1141-7. [PubMed ID: 1684387]

147. Gail MH, Tan WY, Pee D, Goedert JJ. Survival after AIDS diagnosis in a cohort of hemophilia patients. Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 15:363-9. [PubMed ID: 9342256]

148. Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Chaisson RE, Dritz S, Rutherford GW, Swig L, Moss AR. Survival patterns of the first 500 patients with AIDS in San Francisco. J Infect Dis 1988; 157:1044-7. [PubMed ID: 3258900]

149. Liu R, Paxton WA, Choe S, Ceradini D, Martin SR, Horuk R, MacDonald ME, Stuhlmann H, Koup RA, Landau NR. Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection. Cell 1996; 86:367-77. [PubMed ID: 8756719]

150. Rowland-Jones SL, Dong T, Fowke KR, Kimani J, Krausa P, Newell H, Blanchard T, Ariyoshi K, Oyugi J, Ngugi E, Bwayo J, MacDonald KS, McMichael AJ, Plummer FA. Cytotoxic T cell responses to multiple conserved HIV epitopes in HIV-resistant prostitutes in Nairobi. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1758-65. [PubMed ID: 9802890]

151. Kaul R, Trabattoni D, Bwayo JJ, Arienti D, Zagliani A, Mwangi FM, Kariuki C, Ngugi EN, MacDonald KS, Ball TB, Clerici M, Plummer FA. HIV-1-specific mucosal IgA in a cohort of HIV-1-resistant Kenyan sex workers. Aids 1999; 13:23-9. [PubMed ID: 10207541]

152. Kaslow RA, Duquesnoy R, VanRaden M, Kingsley L, Marrari M, Friedman H, Su S, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair J, et al. A1, Cw7, B8, DR3 HLA antigen combination associated with rapid decline of T-helper lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. A report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Lancet 1990; 335:927-30. [PubMed ID: 1970024]

153. Kaslow RA, Carrington M, Apple R, Park L, Munoz A, Saah AJ, Goedert JJ, Winkler C, O'Brien SJ, Rinaldo C, Detels R, Blattner W, Phair J, Erlich H, Mann DL. Influence of combinations of human major histocompatibility complex genes on the course of HIV-1 infection. Nat Med 1996; 2:405-11. [PubMed ID: 8597949]

154. Keet IP, Tang J, Klein MR, LeBlanc S, Enger C, Rivers C, Apple RJ, Mann D, Goedert JJ, Miedema F, Kaslow RA. Consistent associations of HLA class I and II and transporter gene products with progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:299-309. [PubMed ID: 10395843]

155. Itescu S, Rose S, Dwyer E, Winchester R. Certain HLA-DR5 and -DR6 major histocompatibility complex class II alleles are associated with a CD8 lymphocytic host response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 characterized by low lymphocyte viral strain heterogeneity and slow disease progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11472-6. [PubMed ID: 7972086]

156. Kroner BL, Goedert JJ, Blattner WA, Wilson SE, Carrington MN, Mann DL. Concordance of human leukocyte antigen haplotype-sharing, CD4 decline and AIDS in hemophilic siblings. Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort and Hemophilia Growth and Development Studies. Aids 1995; 9:275-80. [PubMed ID: 7755916]

157. Migueles SA, Laborico AC, Imamichi H, Shupert WL, Royce C, McLaughlin M, Ehler L, Metcalf J, Liu S, Hallahan CW, Connors M. The differential ability of HLA B*5701+ long-term nonprogressors and progressors to restrict human immunodeficiency virus replication is not caused by loss of recognition of autologous viral gag sequences. J Virol 2003; 77:6889-98. [PubMed ID: 12768008]

158. Tomiyama H, Miwa K, Shiga H, Moore YI, Oka S, Iwamoto A, Kaneko Y, Takiguchi M. Evidence of presentation of multiple HIV-1 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes by HLA-B*3501 molecules that are associated with the accelerated progression of AIDS. J Immunol 1997; 158:5026-34. [PubMed ID: 9144523]

159. Jeannet M, Sztajzel R, Carpentier N, Hirschel B, Tiercy JM. HLA antigens are risk factors for development of AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2:28-32. [PubMed ID: 2783969]

160. Itescu S, Mathur-Wagh U, Skovron ML, Brancato LJ, Marmor M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Winchester R. HLA-B35 is associated with accelerated progression to AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5:37-45. [PubMed ID: 1738086]

161. Tang J, Costello C, Keet IP, Rivers C, Leblanc S, Karita E, Allen S, Kaslow RA. HLA class I homozygosity accelerates disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:317-24. [PubMed ID: 10082114]

162. Vittinghoff E, Hessol NA, Bacchetti P, Fusaro RE, Holmberg SD, Buchbinder SP. Cofactors for HIV disease progression in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 27:308-14. [PubMed ID: 11464153]

163. Royce RA, Winkelstein W, Jr. HIV infection, cigarette smoking and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts: preliminary results from the San Francisco Men's Health Study. Aids 1990; 4:327-33. [PubMed ID: 1972021]

164. Moseson M, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Belsito DV, Shore RE, Marmor M, Pasternack B. The potential role of nutritional factors in the induction of immunologic abnormalities in HIV-positive homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2:235-47. [PubMed ID: 2656989]

165. Burack JH, Barrett DC, Stall RD, Chesney MA, Ekstrand ML, Coates TJ. Depressive symptoms and CD4 lymphocyte decline among HIV-infected men. Jama 1993; 270:2568-73. [PubMed ID: 7901433]

166. Veugelers PJ, Page KA, Tindall B, Schechter MT, Moss AR, Winkelstein WW, Jr., Cooper DA, Craib KJ, Charlebois E, Coutinho RA, et al. Determinants of HIV disease progression among homosexual men registered in the Tricontinental Seroconverter Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140:747-58. [PubMed ID: 7942776]

167. Prins M, Veugelers PJ. Comparison of progression and non-progression in injecting drug users and homosexual men with documented dates of HIV-1 seroconversion. European Seroconverter Study and the Tricontinental Seroconverter Study. Aids 1997; 11:621-31. [PubMed ID: 9108944]

168. Operskalski EA, Stram DO, Lee H, Zhou Y, Donegan E, Busch MP, Stevens CE, Schiff ER, Dietrich SL, Mosley JW. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: relationship of risk group and age to rate of progression to AIDS. Transfusion Safety Study Group. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:648-55. [PubMed ID: 7658055]

169. Scarlatti G, Tresoldi E, Bjorndal A, Fredriksson R, Colognesi C, Deng HK, Malnati MS, Plebani A, Siccardi AG, Littman DR, Fenyo EM, Lusso P. In vivo evolution of HIV-1 co-receptor usage and sensitivity to chemokine-mediated suppression. Nat Med 1997; 3:1259-65. [PubMed ID: 9359702]

170. Tersmette M, de Goede RE, Al BJ, Winkel IN, Gruters RA, Cuypers HT, Huisman HG, Miedema F. Differential syncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus isolates: frequent detection of syncytium-inducing isolates in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J Virol 1988; 62:2026-32. [PubMed ID: 3130494]

171. Connor RI, Sheridan KE, Ceradini D, Choe S, Landau NR. Change in coreceptor use coreceptor use correlates with disease progression in HIV-1--infected individuals. J Exp Med 1997; 185:621-8. [PubMed ID: 9034141]

172. Shankarappa R, Margolick JB, Gange SJ, Rodrigo AG, Upchurch D, Farzadegan H, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR, Learn GH, He X, Huang XL, Mullins JI. Consistent viral evolutionary changes associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 1999; 73:10489-502. [PubMed ID: 10559367]

173. Croteau G, Doyon L, Thibeault D, McKercher G, Pilote L, Lamarre D. Impaired fitness of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with high-level resistance to protease inhibitors. J Virol 1997; 71:1089-96. [PubMed ID: 8995629]

174. Ho DD, Toyoshima T, Mo H, Kempf DJ, Norbeck D, Chen CM, Wideburg NE, Burt SK, Erickson JW, Singh MK. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to a C2-symmetric protease inhibitor. J Virol 1994; 68:2016-20. [PubMed ID: 8107264]

175. Sharma PL, Crumpacker CS. Attenuated replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a didanosine-selected reverse transcriptase mutation. J Virol 1997; 71:8846-51. [PubMed ID: 9343245]

176. Harrigan PR, Bloor S, Larder BA. Relative replicative fitness of zidovudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in vitro. J Virol 1998; 72:3773-8. [PubMed ID: 9557659]

177. Caliendo AM, Savara A, An D, DeVore K, Kaplan JC, D'Aquila RT. Effects of zidovudine-selected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase amino acid substitutions on processive DNA synthesis and viral replication. J Virol 1996; 70:2146-53. [PubMed ID: 8642636]

178. Condra JH, Schleif WA, Blahy OM, Gabryelski LJ, Graham DJ, Quintero JC, Rhodes A, Robbins HL, Roth E, Shivaprakash M, et al. In vivo emergence of HIV-1 variants resistant to multiple protease inhibitors. Nature 1995; 374:569-71. [PubMed ID: 7700387]

179. Mellors J, Larder B, Schinazi R. Mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease associated with drug resistance. Int. Antiviral News 1995:3:8-13.

180. Roberts NA. Drug-resistance patterns of saquinavir and other HIV proteinase inhibitors. Aids 1995; 9 Suppl 2:27-S32. [PubMed ID: 8775804]

181. Larder BA, Kemp SD, Harrigan PR. Potential mechanism for sustained antiretroviral efficacy of AZT-3TC combination therapy. Science 1995; 269:696-9. [PubMed ID: 7542804]

182. Molla A, Korneyeva M, Gao Q, Vasavanonda S, Schipper PJ, Mo HM, Markowitz M, Chernyavskiy T, Niu P, Lyons N, Hsu A, Granneman GR, Ho DD, Boucher CA, Leonard JM, Norbeck DW, Kempf DJ. Ordered accumulation of mutations in HIV protease confers resistance to ritonavir. Nat Med 1996; 2:760-6. [PubMed ID: 8673921]

183. Borman AM, Paulous S, Clavel F. Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to protease inhibitors: selection of resistance mutations in the presence and absence of the drug. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 ( Pt 3):419-26. [PubMed ID: 8601776]

184. Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, Yirrell D, Watera C, Lyagoba F, Nakiyingi J, Rutebemberwa A, Morgan D, Weber J, Gilks C, Whitworth J. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda. J Infect Dis 2002; 185:1244-50. [PubMed ID: 12001041]

185. Kirchhoff F, Greenough TC, Brettler DB, Sullivan JL, Desrosiers RC. Brief report: absence of intact nef sequences in a long-term survivor with nonprogressive HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995; 332:228-32. [PubMed ID: 7808489]

186. Saravolatz L, Neaton JD, Sacks L, Deyton L, Rhame F, Sherer R. CD4+ T lymphocyte counts and patterns of mortality among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus who were enrolled in community programs for clinical research on AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22:513-20. [PubMed ID: 8852972]

187. Sulkowski MS, Mast EE, Seeff LB, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C virus infection as an opportunistic disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30 Suppl 1:S77-84. [PubMed ID: 10770916]

188. Greub G, Ledergerber B, Battegay M, Grob P, Perrin L, Furrer H, Burgisser P, Erb P, Boggian K, Piffaretti JC, Hirschel B, Janin P, Francioli P, Flepp M, Telenti A. Clinical progression, survival, and immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection: the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 2000; 356:1800-5. [PubMed ID: 11117912]

189. Sulkowski MS, Moore RD, Mehta SH, Chaisson RE, Thomas DL. Hepatitis C and progression of HIV disease. Jama 2002; 288:199-206. [PubMed ID: 12095384]

190. Kalams SA, Buchbinder SP, Rosenberg ES, Billingsley JM, Colbert DS, Jones NG, Shea AK, Trocha AK, Walker BD. Association between virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and helper responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 1999; 73:6715-20. [PubMed ID: 10400769]

191. Lisziewicz J, Rosenberg E, Lieberman J, Jessen H, Lopalco L, Siliciano R, Walker B, Lori F. Control of HIV despite the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1683-4. [PubMed ID: 10348681]

192. Update: serologic testing for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988; 36:833-40, 845. [PubMed ID: 3121999]

193. Schwartz JS, Dans PE, Kinosian BP. Human immunodeficiency virus test evaluation, performance, and use. Proposals to make good tests better. Jama 1988; 259:2574-9. [PubMed ID: 3282084]

194. Emmons WW, Paparello SF, Decker CF, Sheffield JM, Lowe-Bey FH. A modified ELISA and western blot accurately determine anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibodies in oral fluids obtained with a special collecting device. J Infect Dis 1995; 171:1406-10. [PubMed ID: 7769274]

195. Martinez PM, Torres AR, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Montoya A, Martin JF, Eiros JM. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing by enzyme-linked fluorescent and western blot assays using serum, gingival-crevicular transudate, and urine samples. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1100-6. [PubMed ID: 10074532]

196. Tiensiwakul P. Urinary HIV-1 antibody patterns by western blot assay. Clin Lab Sci 1998; 11:336-8. [PubMed ID: 10345498]

197. Colfax GN, Lehman JS, Bindman AB, Vittinghoff E, Vranizan K, Fleming PL, Chesney M, Osmond D, Hecht FM. What happened to home HIV test collection kits? Intent to use kits, actual use, and barriers to use among persons at risk for HIV infection. AIDS Care 2002; 14:675-82. [PubMed ID: 12419117]

198. Ketema F, Zeh C, Edelman DC, Saville R, Constantine NT. Assessment of the performance of a rapid, lateral flow assay for the detection of antibodies to HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2001; 27:63-70. [PubMed ID: 11404522]

199. Phili R, Vardas E. Evaluation of a rapid human immunodeficiency virus test at two community clinics in Kwazulu-Natal. S Afr Med J 2002; 92:818-21. [PubMed ID: 12432808]

200. Ramalingam S, Kannangai R, Raj AA, Jesudason MV, Sridharan G. Rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus: hospital-based evaluation. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1553-4. [PubMed ID: 11923395]

201. Respess RA, Rayfield MA, Dondero TJ. Laboratory testing and rapid HIV assays: applications for HIV surveillance in hard-to-reach populations. Aids 2001; 15 Suppl 3:S49-59. [PubMed ID: 11421183]

202. Soroka SD, Granade TC, Phillips S, Parekh B. The use of simple, rapid tests to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in pooled serum specimens. J Clin Virol 2003; 27:90-6. [PubMed ID: 12727534]

203. Janssen RS, Satten GA, Stramer SL, Rawal BD, O'Brien TR, Weiblen BJ, Hecht FM, Jack N, Cleghorn FR, Kahn JO, Chesney MA, Busch MP. New testing strategy to detect early HIV-1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. Jama 1998; 280:42-8. [PubMed ID: 9660362]

204. McFarland W, Busch MP, Kellogg TA, Rawal BD, Satten GA, Katz MH, Dilley J, Janssen RS. Detection of early HIV infection and estimation of incidence using a sensitive/less-sensitive enzyme immunoassay testing strategy at anonymous counseling and testing sites in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999; 22:484-9. [PubMed ID: 10961610]

205. Crowe SM, Carlin JB, Stewart KI, Lucas CR, Hoy JF. Predictive value of CD4 lymphocyte numbers for the development of opportunistic infections and malignancies in HIV-infected persons. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4:770-6. [PubMed ID: 1677419]

206. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Tassoni CJ, Gupta P, Kingsley LA, Todd JA, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair JP, Rinaldo CR, Jr. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126:946-54. [PubMed ID: 9182471]

207. Kaplan JE, Masur H, Holmes KK. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons--2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51:1-52. [PubMed ID: 12081007]

208. Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE, Pau AK. Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV. MMWR Recomm Rep 2002; 51:1-55. [PubMed ID: 12027060]

209. Recommendations for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for adults and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR Recomm Rep 1992; 41:1-11. [PubMed ID: 1348843]

210. Results of the 1996 T-lymphocyte immunophenotyping questionnaire survey mailed to laboratories participating in the Model Performance Evaluation Program. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC, 1996:16.

211. Mandy FF, Nicholson JK, McDougal JS. Guidelines for performing single-platform absolute CD4+ T-cell determinations with CD45 gating for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 2003; 52:1-13. [PubMed ID: 12583540]

212. Mandy F, Nicholson J, Autran B, Janossy G. T-cell subset counting and the fight against AIDS: reflections over a 20-year struggle. Cytometry 2002; 50:39-45. [PubMed ID: 12116344]

213. Schechter M, Zajdenverg R, Machado LL, Pinto ME, Lima LA, Perez MA. Predicting CD4 counts in HIV-infected Brazilian individuals: a model based on the World Health Organization staging system. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994; 7:163-8. [PubMed ID: 7905525]

214. Badri M, Ehrlich R, Wood R, Maartens G. Initiating co-trimoxazole prophylaxis in HIV-infected patients in Africa: an evaluation of the provisional WHO/UNAIDS recommendations. Aids 2001; 15:1143-8. [PubMed ID: 11416716]

215. Kumarasamy N, Mahajan AP, Flanigan TP, Hemalatha R, Mayer KH, Carpenter CC, Thyagarajan SP, Solomon S. Total lymphocyte count (TLC) is a useful tool for the timing of opportunistic infection prophylaxis in India and other resource-constrained countries. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31:378-83. [PubMed ID: 12447007]

216. Flanigan TP, Mahajan AP, Kumarasamy N. Total lymphocyte count (TLC) as a surrogate for CD4 count to initiate and monitor HAART in resource-limited countries (Abstract G160e).

217. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents (November 10, 2003). http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ (accessed March 2, 2004).

218. Anastassopoulou CG, Touloumi G, Katsoulidou A, Hatzitheodorou H, Pappa M, Paraskevis D, Lazanas M, Gargalianos P, Hatzakis A. Comparative evaluation of the QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 2.0 and 3.0 (bDNA) assays and the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR v1.5 test for the quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma. J Virol Methods 2001; 91:67-74. [PubMed ID: 11164487]

219. Elbeik T, Alvord WG, Trichavaroj R, de Souza M, Dewar R, Brown A, Chernoff D, Michael NL, Nassos P, Hadley K, Ng VL. Comparative analysis of HIV-1 viral load assays on subtype quantification: Bayer Versant HIV-1 RNA 3.0 versus Roche Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor version 1.5. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29:330-9. [PubMed ID: 11917236]

220. Deeks SG, Coleman RL, White R, Pachl C, Schambelan M, Chernoff DN, Feinberg MB. Variance of plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels measured by branched DNA within and between days. J Infect Dis 1997; 176:514-7. [PubMed ID: 9237721]

221. Sulkowski MS, Chaisson RE, Karp CL, Moore RD, Margolick JB, Quinn TC. The effect of acute infectious illnesses on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 load and the expression of serologic markers of immune activation among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1642-8. [PubMed ID: 9815216]

222. Stanley SK, Ostrowski MA, Justement JS, Gantt K, Hedayati S, Mannix M, Roche K, Schwartzentruber DJ, Fox CH, Fauci AS. Effect of immunization with a common recall antigen on viral expression in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1222-30. [PubMed ID: 8606717]

223. Staprans SI, Hamilton BL, Follansbee SE, Elbeik T, Barbosa P, Grant RM, Feinberg MB. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1727-37. [PubMed ID: 7500017]

224. Snyder EL, Dodd RY. Reducing the risk of blood transfusion. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program) 2001:433-42. [PubMed ID: 11722997]

225. Schupbach J, Boni J, Flepp M, Tomasik Z, Joller H, Opravil M. Antiretroviral treatment monitoring with an improved HIV-1 p24 antigen test: an inexpensive alternative to tests for viral RNA. J Med Virol 2001; 65:225-32. [PubMed ID: 11536227]

226. Durant J, Clevenbergh P, Halfon P, Delgiudice P, Porsin S, Simonet P, Montagne N, Boucher CA, Schapiro JM, Dellamonica P. Drug-resistance genotyping in HIV-1 therapy: the VIRADAPT randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353:2195-9. [PubMed ID: 10392984]

227. Baxter JD, Mayers DL, Wentworth DN, Neaton JD, Hoover ML, Winters MA, Mannheimer SB, Thompson MA, Abrams DI, Brizz BJ, Ioannidis JP, Merigan TC. A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy. CPCRA 046 Study Team for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. Aids 2000; 14:F83-93. [PubMed ID: 10894268]

228. Tural C, Ruiz L, Holtzer C, Schapiro J, Viciana P, Gonzalez J, Domingo P, Boucher C, Rey-Joly C, Clotet B. Clinical utility of HIV-1 genotyping and expert advice: the Havana trial. Aids 2002; 16:209-18. [PubMed ID: 11807305]

229. Cohen CJ, Hunt S, Sension M, Farthing C, Conant M, Jacobson S, Nadler J, Verbiest W, Hertogs K, Ames M, Rinehart AR, Graham NM. A randomized trial assessing the impact of phenotypic resistance testing on antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2002; 16:579-88. [PubMed ID: 11873001]

230. Little SJ, Holte S, Routy JP, Daar ES, Markowitz M, Collier AC, Koup RA, Mellors JW, Connick E, Conway B, Kilby M, Wang L, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Richman DD. Antiretroviral-drug resistance among patients recently infected with HIV. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:385-94. [PubMed ID: 12167680]

231. Larder BA, Kohli A, Kellam P, Kemp SD, Kronick M, Henfrey RD. Quantitative detection of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations by automated DNA sequencing. Nature 1993; 365:671-3. [PubMed ID: 8413632]

232. Shafer RW, Warford A, Winters MA, Gonzales MJ. Reproducibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease and reverse transcriptase sequencing of plasma samples from heavily treated HIV-1-infected individuals. J Virol Methods 2000; 86:143-53. [PubMed ID: 10785289]

233. Kijak GH, Rubio AE, Pampuro SE, Zala C, Cahn P, Galli R, Montaner JS, Salomon H. Discrepant results in the interpretation of HIV-1 drug-resistance genotypic data among widely used algorithms. HIV Med 2003; 4:72-8. [PubMed ID: 12534963]

234. Hirsch MS, Brun-Vezinet F, Clotet B, Conway B, Kuritzkes DR, D'Aquila RT, Demeter LM, Hammer SM, Johnson VA, Loveday C, Mellors JW, Jacobsen DM, Richman DD. Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: 2003 recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:113-28. [PubMed ID: 12830416]

235. Nunez M, Gonzalez-Requena D, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Short communication: interactions between nevirapine plasma levels, chronic hepatitis C, and the development of liver toxicity in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:187-8. [PubMed ID: 12689410]

236. Mallon PW, Ray J, Cooper DA. Effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on outcome in antiretroviral experienced HIV-infected individuals. J Clin Virol 2003; 26:223-7. [PubMed ID: 12600653]

237. Dasgupta A, Okhuysen PC. Pharmacokinetic and other drug interactions in patients with AIDS. Ther Drug Monit 2001; 23:591-605. [PubMed ID: 11802090]

238. Molla A, Mo H, Vasavanonda S, Han L, Lin CT, Hsu A, Kempf DJ. In vitro antiviral interaction of lopinavir with other protease inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2249-53. [PubMed ID: 12069982]

239. Hugen PW, Burger DM, Aarnoutse RE, Baede PA, Nieuwkerk PT, Koopmans PP, Hekster YA. Therapeutic drug monitoring of HIV-protease inhibitors to assess noncompliance. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24:579-87. [PubMed ID: 12352928]

240. Acosta EP, Gerber JG. Position paper on therapeutic drug monitoring of antiretroviral agents. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:825-34. [PubMed ID: 12201904]

241. Martinez PM, Torres AR, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Montoya A, Martin JF, Eiros JM. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing by enzyme-linked fluorescent and western blot assays using serum, gingival-crevicular transudate, and urine samples. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1100-6. [PubMed ID: 10074532]

242. Kalichman SC, Cage M, Barnett T, Tharnish P, Rompa D, Austin J, Luke W, O'Mowrey J, Schinazi RF. Human immunodeficiency virus in semen and plasma: investigation of sexual transmission risk behavioral correlates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:1695-703. [PubMed ID: 11788021]

243. Dunne AL, Mitchell F, Allen KM, Baker HW, Garland S, Clarke GN, Mijch A, Crowe SM. Analysis of HIV-1 viral load in seminal plasma samples. J Clin Virol 2003; 26:239-45. [PubMed ID: 12600655]

244. Anton PA, Mitsuyasu RT, Deeks SG, Scadden DT, Wagner B, Huang C, Macken C, Richman DD, Christopherson C, Borellini F, Lazar R, Hege KM. Multiple measures of HIV burden in blood and tissue are correlated with each other but not with clinical parameters in aviremic subjects. Aids 2003; 17:53-63. [PubMed ID: 12478069]

245. Garrigue I, Pellegrin I, Hoen B, Dumon B, Harzic M, Schrive MH, Sereni D, Fleury H. Cell-associated HIV-1-DNA quantitation after highly active antiretroviral therapy-treated primary infection in patients with persistently undetectable plasma HIV-1 RNA. Aids 2000; 14:2851-5. [PubMed ID: 11153666]

246. Brandt CD, Rakusan TA, Sison AV, Saxena ES, Ellaurie M, Sever JL. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in infants during the first 2 months of life. Reliable detection and evidence of in utero transmission. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994; 148:250-4. [PubMed ID: 8130855]

247. Hsiao AF, Wong MD, Kanouse DE, Collins RL, Liu H, Andersen RM, Gifford AL, McCutchan A, Bozzette SA, Shapiro MF, Wenger NS. Complementary and alternative medicine use and substitution for conventional therapy by HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33:157-65. [PubMed ID: 12794548]

248. Mole L, Ripich S, Margolis D, Holodniy M. The impact of active herpes simplex virus infection on human immunodeficiency virus load. J Infect Dis 1997; 176:766-70. [PubMed ID: 9291329]

249. Sulkowski MS, Chaisson RE, Karp CL, Moore RD, Margolick JB, Quinn TC. The effect of acute infectious illnesses on plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 load and the expression of serologic markers of immune activation among HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1642-8. [PubMed ID: 9815216]

250. Donovan RM, Bush CE, Markowitz NP, Baxa DM, Saravolatz LD. Changes in virus load markers during AIDS-associated opportunistic diseases in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:401-3. [PubMed ID: 8699074]

251. Bush CE, Donovan RM, Markowitz NP, Kvale P, Saravolatz LD. A study of HIV RNA viral load in AIDS patients with bacterial pneumonia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996; 13:23-6. [PubMed ID: 8797682]

252. Ramilo O, Hicks PJ, Borvak J, Gross LM, Zhong D, Squires JE, Vitetta ES. T cell activation and human immunodeficiency virus replication after influenza immunization of infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:197-203. [PubMed ID: 8852906]

253. Staprans SI, Hamilton BL, Follansbee SE, Elbeik T, Barbosa P, Grant RM, Feinberg MB. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1727-37. [PubMed ID: 7500017]

254. Ho DD. HIV-1 viraemia and influenza. Lancet 1992; 339:1549. [PubMed ID: 1351231]

255. Brichacek B, Swindells S, Janoff EN, Pirruccello S, Stevenson M. Increased plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 burden following antigenic challenge with pneumococcal vaccine. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1191-9. [PubMed ID: 8940208]

256. Wahl LM, Nowak MA. Adherence and drug resistance: predictions for therapy outcome. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2000; 267:835-43. [PubMed ID: 10819155]

257. Paterson DL, Swindells S, Mohr J, Brester M, Vergis EN, Squier C, Wagener MM, Singh N. Adherence to protease inhibitor therapy and outcomes in patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:21-30. [PubMed ID: 10877736]

258. Perelson AS, Essunger P, Cao Y, Vesanen M, Hurley A, Saksela K, Markowitz M, Ho DD. Decay characteristics of HIV-1-infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature 1997; 387:188-91. [PubMed ID: 9144290]

259. Wu H, Kuritzkes DR, McClernon DR, Kessler H, Connick E, Landay A, Spear G, Heath-Chiozzi M, Rousseau F, Fox L, Spritzler J, Leonard JM, Lederman MM. Characterization of viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy: relationships to host factors, cellular restoration, and virologic end points. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:799-807. [PubMed ID: 10068574]

260. Powderly WG, Saag MS, Chapman S, Yu G, Quart B, Clendeninn NJ. Predictors of optimal virological response to potent antiretroviral therapy. Aids 1999; 13:1873-80. [PubMed ID: 10513645]

261. Pakker NG, Notermans DW, de Boer RJ, Roos MT, de Wolf F, Hill A, Leonard JM, Danner SA, Miedema F, Schellekens PT. Biphasic kinetics of peripheral blood T cells after triple combination therapy in HIV-1 infection: a composite of redistribution and proliferation. Nat Med 1998; 4:208-14. [PubMed ID: 9461195]

262. Staszewski S, Miller V, Sabin C, Schlecht C, Gute P, Stamm S, Leder T, Berger A, Weidemann E, Hill A, Phillips A. Determinants of sustainable CD4 lymphocyte count increases in response to antiretroviral therapy. Aids 1999; 13:951-6. [PubMed ID: 10371176]

263. Kaufmann GR, Bloch M, Zaunders JJ, Smith D, Cooper DA. Long-term immunological response in HIV-1-infected subjects receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2000; 14:959-69. [PubMed ID: 10853977]

264. Smith CJ, Sabin CA, Lampe FC, Kinloch-de-Loes S, Gumley H, Carroll A, Prinz B, Youle M, Johnson MA, Phillips AN. The potential for CD4 cell increases in HIV-positive individuals who control viraemia with highly active antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2003; 17:963-9. [PubMed ID: 12700445]

265. Koval CE, Gigliotti F, Nevins D, Demeter LM. Immune reconstitution syndrome after successful treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a man with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:491-3. [PubMed ID: 12145736]

266. Jenny-Avital ER, Abadi M. Immune reconstitution cryptococcosis after initiation of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:e128-33. [PubMed ID: 12471589]

267. Mutimer HP, Akatsuka Y, Manley T, Chuang EL, Boeckh M, Harrington R, Jones T, Riddell SR. Association between immune recovery uveitis and a diverse intraocular cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T cell response. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:701-5. [PubMed ID: 12195359]

268. Jenny-Avital ER. A patient with refractory disseminated Mycobacterium avium after immune-reconstitution localized MAC. AIDS Clin Care 2003; 15:24-6. [PubMed ID: 12685419]

269. Chien JW, Johnson JL. Paradoxical reactions in HIV and pulmonary TB. Chest 1998; 114:933-6. [PubMed ID: 9743188]

270. Lucas GM, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Highly active antiretroviral therapy in a large urban clinic: risk factors for virologic failure and adverse drug reactions. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131:81-7. [PubMed ID: 10419445]

271. Ledergerber B, Egger M, Opravil M, Telenti A, Hirschel B, Battegay M, Vernazza P, Sudre P, Flepp M, Furrer H, Francioli P, Weber R. Clinical progression and virological failure on highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 patients: a prospective cohort study. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Lancet 1999; 353:863-8. [PubMed ID: 10093977]

272. Sterne JAC, May M, Costagliola D, et al. Does it matter where you came from? Prognosis of patients starting potent therapy, according to initial response. In: Program and Abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, MA. Abstract 181.

273. Nijhuis M, Deeks S, Boucher C. Implications of antiretroviral resistance on viral fitness. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2001; 14:23-8. [PubMed ID: 11979111]

274. Deeks SG, Martin JN, Hoh R, et al. Continued reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy is sufficient to maintain short-term partial suppression of multi-drug resistant viremia. Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 640.

275. Fagard C, Lebraz M, Gunthard C. SSITT: a prospective trial of strategic treatment interruptions in 128 patients.

276. Lori F, Lewis MG, Xu J, Varga G, Zinn DE, Jr., Crabbs C, Wagner W, Greenhouse J, Silvera P, Yalley-Ogunro J, Tinelli C, Lisziewicz J. Control of SIV rebound through structured treatment interruptions during early infection. Science 2000; 290:1591-3. [PubMed ID: 11090360]

277. Ruiz L, Martinez-Picado J, Romeu J, Paredes R, Zayat MK, Marfil S, Negredo E, Sirera G, Tural C, Clotet B. Structured treatment interruption in chronically HIV-1 infected patients after long-term viral suppression. Aids 2000; 14:397-403. [PubMed ID: 10770542]

278. Garcia F, Plana M, Ortiz GM, Bonhoeffer S, Soriano A, Vidal C, Cruceta A, Arnedo M, Gil C, Pantaleo G, Pumarola T, Gallart T, Nixon DF, Miro JM, Gatell JM. The virological and immunological consequences of structured treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infection. Aids 2001; 15:F29-40. [PubMed ID: 11416735]

279. Ortiz GM, Wellons M, Brancato J, Vo HT, Zinn RL, Clarkson DE, Van Loon K, Bonhoeffer S, Miralles GD, Montefiori D, Bartlett JA, Nixon DF. Structured antiretroviral treatment interruptions in chronically HIV-1-infected subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13288-93. [PubMed ID: 11687611]

280. Ruiz L, Carcelain G, Martinez-Picado J, Frost S, Marfil S, Paredes R, Romeu J, Ferrer E, Morales-Lopetegi K, Autran B, Clotet B. HIV dynamics and T-cell immunity after three structured treatment interruptions in chronic HIV-1 infection. Aids 2001; 15:F19-27. [PubMed ID: 11416734]

281. Fischer M, Hafner R, Schneider C, Trkola A, Joos B, Joller H, Hirschel B, Weber R, Gunthard HF. HIV RNA in plasma rebounds within days during structured treatment interruptions. Aids 2003; 17:195-9. [PubMed ID: 12545079]

282. Hecht FM, Wang L, Collier A. Is HAART for Primary/Early HIV Infection Associated with Improved Outcomes After Treatment Discontinuation? Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 519.

283. Dybul M, Nies-Kraske E, Daucher M, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of long cycle structured intermittent versus continuous ARV therapy for chronic HIV infection. Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 68lb.

284. Ananworanich J, Cardiello P, Srasuebkul P, et al. HIV-NAT 0014: A prospective randomized trial of structured treatment interruption in patients with chronic HIV infection. Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 64.

285. Ruiz L, Gomez L, Domingo P, et al. A multi-center, randomized controlled clinical trial of continuous vs intermittent HAART guided by CD4+ T-cell counts and plasma HIV-1 RNA levels. Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 65.

286. Lawrence J, Mayers D, Huppler Hullsiek K, et al, the CPCRA 064 Study Team of the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. CPCRA 064: A randomized trial examining structured treatment interruption for patients failing therapy with multi-drug resistant HIV. Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 67.

287. Katlama C, Dominguez S, Duvivier C, et al. Long-term benefit of treatment interruption in salvage therapy (GIGHAART ANRS 097). Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 68.

288. Deeks SG. When to switch therapy. Symposium at the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003: Boston, Massachusetts.

289. Valentine F, DeGruttola V and the REMUNE 816 Study Team: immunological and virological evaluations of the effects of HAART compared to HAART plus an inactivated HIV immunogen after 32 weeks. Program and abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 31-February 4, 1999; Chicago, Illinois. Abstract 346.

290. Kovacs JA, Vogel S, Albert JM, Falloon J, Davey RT, Jr., Walker RE, Polis MA, Spooner K, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Fyfe G, Lane HC. Controlled trial of interleukin-2 infusions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:1350-6. [PubMed ID: 8857018]

291. Davey RT, Jr., Chaitt DG, Albert JM, Piscitelli SC, Kovacs JA, Walker RE, Falloon J, Polis MA, Metcalf JA, Masur H, Dewar R, Baseler M, Fyfe G, Giedlin MA, Lane HC. A randomized trial of high- versus low-dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 outpatient therapy for early human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:849-58. [PubMed ID: 10068580]

292. Hecht FM, Hare CB, McGrath MS. Interleukin-2 in Conjunction with HAART in Early HIV Infection Increases Naïve and Memory CD4 Cells and Lowers Activation Markers. Program and abstracts of the 10th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 10-14, 2003; Boston, Massachusetts. Abstract 649.

293. McFarland EJ, Harding PA, MaWhinney S, Schooley RT, Kuritzkes DR. In vitro effects of IL-12 on HIV-1-specific CTL lines from HIV-1-infected children. J Immunol 1998; 161:513-9. [PubMed ID: 9647263]

294. Huang LR, Chen FL, Chen YT, Lin YM, Kung JT. Potent induction of long-term CD8+ T cell memory by short-term IL-4 exposure during T cell receptor stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3406-11. [PubMed ID: 10725381]

295. Lu W, Wu X, Lu Y, Guo W, Andrieu JM. Therapeutic dendritic-cell vaccine for simian AIDS. Nat Med 2003; 9:27-32. [PubMed ID: 12496959]

296. Levine BL, Mosca JD, Riley JL, Carroll RG, Vahey MT, Jagodzinski LL, Wagner KF, Mayers DL, Burke DS, Weislow OS, St Louis DC, June CH. Antiviral effect and ex vivo CD4+ T cell proliferation in HIV-positive patients as a result of CD28 costimulation. Science 1996; 272:1939-43. [PubMed ID: 8658167]

297. Levine BL, Bernstein WB, Aronson NE, Schlienger K, Cotte J, Perfetto S, Humphries MJ, Ratto-Kim S, Birx DL, Steffens C, Landay A, Carroll RG, June CH. Adoptive transfer of costimulated CD4+ T cells induces expansion of peripheral T cells and decreased CCR5 expression in HIV infection. Nat Med 2002; 8:47-53. [PubMed ID: 11786906]

298. Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Byrn RA, Finer MH. Targeting of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells by CD8+ T lymphocytes armed with universal T-cell receptors. Blood 1994; 84:2878-89. [PubMed ID: 7949163]

299. Napolitano LA, Lo JC, Gotway MB, Mulligan K, Barbour JD, Schmidt D, Grant RM, Halvorsen RA, Schambelan M, McCune JM. Increased thymic mass and circulating naive CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected adults treated with growth hormone. Aids 2002; 16:1103-11. [PubMed ID: 12004268]

300. Kirk O, Reiss P, Uberti-Foppa C, Bickel M, Gerstoft J, Pradier C, Wit FW, Ledergerber B, Lundgren JD, Furrer H. Safe interruption of maintenance therapy against previous infection with four common HIV-associated opportunistic pathogens during potent antiretroviral therapy. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137:239-50. [PubMed ID: 12186514]

301. Palefsky J. Human papillomavirus infection among HIV-infected individuals. Implications for development of malignant tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1991; 5:357-70. [PubMed ID: 1850727]

302. Feingold AR, Vermund SH, Burk RD, Kelley KF, Schrager LK, Schreiber K, Munk G, Friedland GH, Klein RS. Cervical cytologic abnormalities and papillomavirus in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990; 3:896-903. [PubMed ID: 2166784]

303. Piketty C, Darragh TM, Da Costa M, Bruneval P, Heard I, Kazatchkine MD, Palefsky JM. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:453-9. [PubMed ID: 12639077]

304. Vergis EN, Paterson DL, Wagener MM, Swindells S, Singh N. Dyslipidaemia in HIV-infected patients: association with adherence to potent antiretroviral therapy. Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12:463-8. [PubMed ID: 11394983]

305. Carr A, Samaras K, Thorisdottir A, Kaufmann GR, Chisholm DJ, Cooper DA. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353:2093-9. [PubMed ID: 10382692]

306. Walli R, Herfort O, Michl GM, Demant T, Jager H, Dieterle C, Bogner JR, Landgraf R, Goebel FD. Treatment with protease inhibitors associated with peripheral insulin resistance and impaired oral glucose tolerance in HIV-1-infected patients. Aids 1998; 12:F167-73. [PubMed ID: 9814858]

307. Friis-Moller N, Sabin CA, Weber R, d'Arminio Monforte A, El-Sadr WM, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Morfeldt L, De Wit S, Pradier C, Calvo G, Law MG, Kirk O, Phillips AN, Lundgren JD. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1993-2003. [PubMed ID: 14627784]

308. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Jama 2001; 285:2486-97. [PubMed ID: 11368702]

HIV Clinical Overview Table of Contents »

Liability: Cure HIV, Inc. does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any information disclosed on www.curehiv.us website.

Medical information: Cure HIV, Inc. does not intend to provide specific medical advice or treatment. Cure HIV, Inc. intends to provide the website visitors with documents and information to better understand HIV / AIDS and its prevention and treatment.
 
  Design and Development 300Pix Donate Now | Cure HIV, Inc. | Who We Are | Roger K. Hershline, Ph.D. MD | Contact Us
Learn About HIV / AIDS | What Is This Medication | Why Is This Medication So Important
Events And Newsletters | The Patent | Global Humanceuticals, Inc. | Glossary